There is still ambiguity in how penalties for bad waste management are enforced. The lack of data on the waste being imported into Malaysia makes it difficult for authorities to assess the risks associated with transboundary waste imports.
Asia is the dominant producer and buyer of palm oil, so production standards in Indonesia and Malaysia and the policies of palm buyers in the region will determine the next stage of its sustainability journey.
For Southeast Asia, it need not be a binary choice between maintaining status quo or pushing for 'degrowth'. Reducing emissions without neglecting job growth imposes lower social costs, and can be a pathway to take for the region.