New research finds urban trees can cut city heat almost in half, though unequal tree cover and rising temperatures mean greening alone will not shield cities from worsening climate extremes. By Rob McDonald, Tirthankar Chakraborty and Manuel Esperon-Rodriguez

Evolutionary game theory is useful to devise strategies for real-life situations such as international negotiations and ecological crises, where players are unequal, and choices are complex. By Aradhana Narang and A J Shaiju

In 2004, Aceh was hardest hit by the Indian Ocean tsunami. In 2025, Indonesia’s most disaster-aware province was among the worst hit by floods. The failure was not forecasting, but what happened – or didn’t – after the alarms were raised. By Wahyu Wilopo

Despite political gridlock within countries and at global summits, climate change and ecological degradation are creating undeniable economic momentum. As renewables scale up, fossil fuels will become even less competitive; and as ecosystems degrade, markets will price in the risks and reward those who adapt. By Julie McCarthy