A new report finds that more than 61.5 million hectares of protected areas analysed across tropical countries overlap with oil and gas blocks, while another 42.7 million hectares overlap with mining concessions.
Countries embrace clean energy but resist cutting fossil fuel production. That fault line is now shaping the UN's first transition roadmap, due at COP31 in November.
Experts say stronger labour standards could also help curb illegal fishing and boost the credibility of Indonesian seafood exports in markets with strict sustainability requirements.