Robust legal frameworks, backed by effective enforcement, can create the conditions for stable and rights-respecting mining. That means safeguarding Indigenous rights, protecting water resources and ensuring independent, participatory, and transparent impact assessments.
If they are serious about a sustainable future, they must close loopholes and extend coal policies across clients’ entire value chains, denying new financing to companies using coal unless they have credible, time-bound clean energy plans.
A landmark UN treaty will soon govern two-thirds of the world’s oceans – testing whether nations can balance conservation with competition for deep-sea resources.