A new report finds that more than 61.5 million hectares of protected areas analysed across tropical countries overlap with oil and gas blocks, while another 42.7 million hectares overlap with mining concessions.
Worst-case climate change modelling shows that rising temperatures and changing weather patterns could heighten mining contamination risks for marine environments, with some regions exposed to compounding hazards.
Companies are shifting towards international standards on environmental, governance and social issues. They lag particularly on the social side, experts say.
Steel slowdown and signals of low-carbon transition in China put Australian ore at a crossroads, as partnerships look to step up green iron development.